:root{
    --bg:#ffffff;
    --bg-soft:#f6f7f9;
    --bg-soft-2:#eef1f4;
    --navy:#0f2940;
    --navy-2:#163a57;
    --ink:#1a1f26;
    --ink-muted:#5c6670;
    --ink-faint:#8b94a0;
    --rule:#e2e6ea;
    --rule-strong:#c9d0d7;
    --accent:#c8442d;
    --accent-dark:#a8351f;
    --accent-tint:#fbe9e5;
    --oa-green:#1f7a4d;
    --oa-tint:#e7f4ed;
    --radius:3px;
    --serif:'Source Serif 4', Georgia, serif;
    --sans:'Inter', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, sans-serif;
    --mono:'IBM Plex Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', monospace;
  }
  *{box-sizing:border-box;}
  html{scroll-behavior:smooth;}
  body{
    margin:0;
    font-family:var(--sans);
    color:var(--ink);
    background:var(--bg);
    -webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;
  }
  img{max-width:100%;display:block;}
  a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none;}
  ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;}
  button{font-family:inherit;cursor:pointer;}

  .wrap{
    max-width:1240px;
    margin:0 auto;
    padding:0 32px;
  }

  /* ---------- Skip link / focus ---------- */
  .skip-link{
    position:absolute; left:-9999px; top:0;
    background:var(--navy); color:#fff; padding:10px 16px; z-index:200;
  }
  .skip-link:focus{left:16px; top:16px;}
  a:focus-visible, button:focus-visible, input:focus-visible{
    outline:2px solid var(--accent);
    outline-offset:2px;
  }

  /* ---------- Top utility bar ---------- */
  .utility-bar{
    background:var(--navy);
    color:#cfe0ee;
    font-size:13px;
  }
  .utility-bar .wrap{
    display:flex;
    justify-content:space-between;
    align-items:center;
    height:36px;
  }
  .utility-bar a{color:#cfe0ee; opacity:.85;}
  .utility-bar a:hover{opacity:1; text-decoration:underline;}
  .utility-links{display:flex; gap:20px;}
  .utility-links li{display:flex;}
  .utility-secondary{display:flex; gap:20px;}

  /* ---------- Main header ---------- */
  .site-header{
    background:#fff;
    border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);
    position:sticky;
    top:0;
    z-index:100;
  }
  .header-inner{
    display:flex;
    align-items:center;
    gap:32px;
    height:76px;
  }
  .logo{
    display:flex;
    align-items:center;
    gap:10px;
    font-family:var(--serif);
    font-weight:700;
    font-size:24px;
    color:var(--navy);
    white-space:nowrap;
    flex-shrink:0;
  }
  .logo-mark{
    width:34px; height:34px;
    border:2px solid var(--navy);
    border-radius:50%;
    display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;
    font-size:15px;
    position:relative;
  }
  .logo-mark::after{
    content:"";
    position:absolute;
    width:1px;height:18px;
    background:var(--navy);
    transform:rotate(0deg);
  }
  .logo-mark span{font-family:var(--serif); font-style:italic;}

  .main-nav{flex:1; display:flex;}
  .main-nav ul{display:flex; gap:4px;}
  .main-nav a{
    display:block;
    padding:10px 14px;
    font-size:15px;
    font-weight:500;
    color:var(--ink);
    border-radius:var(--radius);
  }
  .main-nav a:hover{background:var(--bg-soft); color:var(--navy);}

  .header-actions{display:flex; align-items:center; gap:14px; flex-shrink:0;}
  .icon-btn{
    width:38px;height:38px;
    display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;
    border-radius:50%;
    color:var(--navy);
    border:1px solid transparent;
  }
  .icon-btn:hover{background:var(--bg-soft); border-color:var(--rule);}
  .btn{
    display:inline-flex;
    align-items:center;
    gap:6px;
    padding:9px 18px;
    border-radius:var(--radius);
    font-size:14px;
    font-weight:600;
    border:1px solid transparent;
    white-space:nowrap;
  }
  .btn-primary{background:var(--accent); color:#fff;}
  .btn-primary:hover{background:var(--accent-dark);}
  .btn-outline{border-color:var(--navy); color:var(--navy);}
  .btn-outline:hover{background:var(--navy); color:#fff;}

  .nav-toggle{display:none; background:none; border:none; padding:8px;}
  .nav-toggle svg{width:26px;height:26px; color:var(--navy);}

  /* ---------- Hero ---------- */
  .hero{
    background:
      linear-gradient(180deg, var(--navy) 0%, var(--navy-2) 100%);
    color:#fff;
    position:relative;
    overflow:hidden;
  }
  .hero::before{
    content:"";
    position:absolute;
    inset:0;
    background-image:
      repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(255,255,255,.035) 0 1px, transparent 1px 120px);
    pointer-events:none;
  }
  .hero-inner{
    position:relative;
    padding:64px 32px 88px;
    max-width:1240px;
    margin:0 auto;
  }
  .hero-eyebrow{
    font-family:var(--mono);
    font-size:12px;
    letter-spacing:.12em;
    text-transform:uppercase;
    color:#9cc4e4;
    margin-bottom:18px;
  }
  .hero h1{
    font-family:var(--serif);
    font-weight:600;
    font-size:clamp(32px, 4.4vw, 52px);
    line-height:1.12;
    margin:0 0 18px;
    max-width:780px;
    letter-spacing:-.01em;
  }
  .hero h1 em{
    font-style:italic;
    color:#e8c4ba;
  }
  .hero p.lede{
    font-size:18px;
    line-height:1.6;
    color:#cfe0ee;
    max-width:600px;
    margin:0 0 36px;
  }

  .search-panel{
    background:#fff;
    border-radius:6px;
    padding:22px;
    box-shadow:0 18px 50px rgba(0,0,0,.28);
    max-width:760px;
  }
  .search-row{
    display:flex;
    gap:10px;
  }
  .search-row select{
    font-family:var(--sans);
    font-size:14px;
    font-weight:500;
    color:var(--ink);
    background:var(--bg-soft);
    border:1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius:var(--radius);
    padding:0 12px;
    flex-shrink:0;
    width:150px;
  }
  .search-row input[type="search"]{
    flex:1;
    font-family:var(--sans);
    font-size:16px;
    border:1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius:var(--radius);
    padding:0 16px;
    height:48px;
    color:var(--ink);
  }
  .search-row select{height:48px;}
  .search-row button{
    height:48px;
    padding:0 22px;
    background:var(--accent);
    color:#fff;
    border:none;
    border-radius:var(--radius);
    font-weight:600;
    font-size:14px;
    display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;
    flex-shrink:0;
  }
  .search-row button:hover{background:var(--accent-dark);}
  .search-chips{
    display:flex;
    flex-wrap:wrap;
    gap:8px;
    margin-top:14px;
  }
  .search-chips span{
    font-size:12px;
    color:var(--ink-muted);
    padding-top:6px;
  }
  .chip{
    font-size:13px;
    padding:6px 13px;
    border-radius:100px;
    background:var(--bg-soft);
    color:var(--navy);
    border:1px solid var(--rule);
    font-weight:500;
  }
  .chip:hover{border-color:var(--navy); background:var(--bg-soft-2);}

  .hero-stats{
    display:flex;
    gap:48px;
    margin-top:44px;
    flex-wrap:wrap;
  }
  .hero-stats div{border-left:2px solid rgba(255,255,255,.25); padding-left:16px;}
  .hero-stats .num{
    font-family:var(--serif);
    font-size:28px;
    font-weight:600;
    display:block;
    color:#fff;
  }
  .hero-stats .label{
    font-size:13px;
    color:#a9c2d6;
    margin-top:2px;
  }

  /* ---------- Section shell ---------- */
  section.block{padding:64px 0;}
  .block-alt{background:var(--bg-soft);}
  .section-head{
    display:flex;
    justify-content:space-between;
    align-items:flex-end;
    gap:24px;
    margin-bottom:36px;
    flex-wrap:wrap;
  }
  .section-head h2{
    font-family:var(--serif);
    font-size:30px;
    font-weight:600;
    margin:0 0 8px;
    color:var(--navy);
  }
  .section-head p{
    color:var(--ink-muted);
    font-size:15px;
    margin:0;
    max-width:560px;
  }
  .section-link{
    font-size:14px;
    font-weight:600;
    color:var(--accent);
    white-space:nowrap;
    display:flex;
    align-items:center;
    gap:6px;
  }
  .section-link:hover{text-decoration:underline;}

  /* ---------- Subject grid ---------- */
  .subject-grid{
    display:grid;
    grid-template-columns:repeat(4, 1fr);
    gap:1px;
    background:var(--rule);
    border:1px solid var(--rule);
  }
  .subject-card{
    background:#fff;
    padding:15px 24px;
    transition:background .15s;
  }
  .subject-card:hover{background:var(--bg-soft);}
  .subject-card .icon{
    width:42px;height:42px;
    border-radius:50%;
    background:var(--accent-tint);
    color:var(--accent);
    display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;
    margin-bottom:16px;
  }
  .subject-card .icon svg{width:21px;height:21px;}
  .subject-card h3{
    font-family:var(--serif);
    font-size:18px;
    font-weight:600;
    margin:0 0 6px;
    color:var(--ink);
  }
  .subject-card p{
    font-size:13px;
    color:var(--ink-muted);
    margin:0;
  }

  /* ---------- Article cards ---------- */
  .article-grid{
    display:grid;
    grid-template-columns:1.3fr 1fr 1fr;
    gap:28px;
  }
  .article-card{
    border:1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius:4px;
    background:#fff;
    display:flex;
    flex-direction:column;
    overflow:hidden;
  }
  .article-card:hover{border-color:var(--rule-strong);}
  .article-card.featured{grid-row:span 2;}
  .article-thumb{
    height:160px;
    background:linear-gradient(135deg, var(--navy) 0%, var(--navy-2) 60%, #2a4f6e 100%);
    position:relative;
    display:flex;
    align-items:flex-end;
    padding:16px;
  }
  .article-card.featured .article-thumb{height:220px;}
  .article-thumb::before{
    content:"";
    position:absolute; inset:0;
    background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(255,255,255,.04) 0 2px, transparent 2px 14px);
  }
  .thumb-tag{
    position:relative;
    background:rgba(255,255,255,.14);
    color:#fff;
    font-family:var(--mono);
    font-size:11px;
    padding:5px 10px;
    border-radius:100px;
    letter-spacing:.03em;
    backdrop-filter:blur(2px);
  }
  .article-body{
    padding:20px;
    display:flex;
    flex-direction:column;
    flex:1;
  }
  .article-meta{
    display:flex;
    align-items:center;
    gap:8px;
    font-size:11.5px;
    font-family:var(--mono);
    color:var(--ink-faint);
    margin-bottom:10px;
    flex-wrap:wrap;
  }
  .oa-badge{
    background:var(--oa-tint);
    color:var(--oa-green);
    font-weight:600;
    padding:2px 8px;
    border-radius:100px;
    font-family:var(--sans);
    font-size:11px;
  }
  .article-body h3{
    font-family:var(--serif);
    font-size:18px;
    line-height:1.34;
    font-weight:600;
    margin:0 0 8px;
    color:var(--ink);
  }
  .article-card.featured .article-body h3{font-size:21px;}
  .article-card a.title-link:hover h3{color:var(--accent);}
  .article-body .authors{
    font-size:13px;
    color:var(--ink-muted);
    margin:0 0 14px;
  }
  .article-footer{
    margin-top:auto;
    display:flex;
    justify-content:space-between;
    align-items:center;
    padding-top:14px;
    border-top:1px solid var(--rule);
    font-size:12px;
    color:var(--ink-faint);
    font-family:var(--mono);
  }
  .article-footer .access{
    display:flex;
    align-items:center;
    gap:5px;
    color:var(--ink-muted);
    font-family:var(--sans);
  }

  /* ---------- Journal strip ---------- */
  .journal-strip{
    display:grid;
    grid-template-columns:repeat(6, 1fr);
    gap:20px;
  }
  .journal-card{
    border:1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius:4px;
    overflow:hidden;
    background:#fff;
  }
  .journal-cover{
    height:120px;
    background:var(--navy);
    position:relative;
    display:flex;
    flex-direction:column;
    justify-content:space-between;
    padding:14px;
  }
  .journal-cover .bar{height:3px; width:34px; background:var(--accent);}
  .journal-cover .jname{
    font-family:var(--serif);
    font-style:italic;
    font-size:14px;
    color:#fff;
    line-height:1.25;
  }
  .journal-info{padding:14px;}
  .journal-info .if{
    font-family:var(--mono);
    font-size:11px;
    color:var(--accent);
    font-weight:500;
    margin-bottom:4px;
  }
  .journal-info p{font-size:12.5px; color:var(--ink-muted); margin:0; line-height:1.4;}

  /* ---------- Why publish / value props ---------- */
  .value-section{
    background:var(--navy);
    color:#fff;
  }
  .value-grid{
    display:grid;
    grid-template-columns:repeat(3, 1fr);
    gap:40px;
  }
  .value-item .num{
    font-family:var(--serif);
    font-style:italic;
    font-size:15px;
    color:#e8c4ba;
    display:block;
    margin-bottom:14px;
  }
  .value-item h3{
    font-family:var(--serif);
    font-size:21px;
    font-weight:600;
    margin:0 0 10px;
  }
  .value-item p{
    font-size:14.5px;
    line-height:1.6;
    color:#bfd2e2;
    margin:0;
  }

  /* ---------- Newsletter / CTA band ---------- */
  .cta-band{
    background:var(--accent-tint);
    border-top:1px solid var(--rule);
    border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);
  }
  .cta-inner{
    display:flex;
    align-items:center;
    justify-content:space-between;
    gap:32px;
    padding:40px 0;
    flex-wrap:wrap;
  }
  .cta-inner h2{
    font-family:var(--serif);
    font-size:24px;
    font-weight:600;
    margin:0 0 6px;
    color:var(--navy);
  }
  .cta-inner p{margin:0; color:var(--ink-muted); font-size:14.5px;}
  .cta-form{
    display:flex;
    gap:10px;
    flex-shrink:0;
  }
  .cta-form input{
    width:280px;
    height:46px;
    border:1px solid var(--rule-strong);
    border-radius:var(--radius);
    padding:0 14px;
    font-size:14px;
    font-family:var(--sans);
  }
  .cta-form button{
    height:46px;
    padding:0 20px;
    background:var(--navy);
    color:#fff;
    border:none;
    border-radius:var(--radius);
    font-weight:600;
    font-size:14px;
  }
  .cta-form button:hover{background:var(--navy-2);}

  /* ---------- Footer ---------- */
  footer{background:#fff; border-top:1px solid var(--rule);}
  .footer-grid{
    display:grid;
    grid-template-columns:1.4fr repeat(4, 1fr);
    gap:32px;
    padding:56px 0 36px;
  }
  .footer-brand .logo{margin-bottom:14px;}
  .footer-brand p{
    font-size:13.5px;
    color:var(--ink-muted);
    line-height:1.6;
    max-width:260px;
    margin:0 0 18px;
  }
  .footer-social{display:flex; gap:10px;}
  .footer-social a{
    width:34px;height:34px;
    border:1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius:50%;
    display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;
    color:var(--ink-muted);
  }
  .footer-social a:hover{border-color:var(--navy); color:var(--navy);}
  .footer-col h4{
    font-size:13px;
    text-transform:uppercase;
    letter-spacing:.05em;
    color:var(--ink-faint);
    margin:0 0 16px;
    font-weight:600;
  }
  .footer-col ul li{margin-bottom:11px;}
  .footer-col a{font-size:14px; color:var(--ink-muted);}
  .footer-col a:hover{color:var(--accent);}
  .footer-bottom{
    border-top:1px solid var(--rule);
    padding:22px 0;
    display:flex;
    justify-content:space-between;
    align-items:center;
    flex-wrap:wrap;
    gap:12px;
  }
  .footer-bottom p{margin:0; font-size:12.5px; color:var(--ink-faint);}
  .footer-bottom-links{display:flex; gap:20px;}
  .footer-bottom-links a{font-size:12.5px; color:var(--ink-faint);}
  .footer-bottom-links a:hover{color:var(--navy);}

  /* ---------- Mobile nav drawer ---------- */
  .mobile-nav{
    display:none;
    position:fixed;
    inset:0 0 0 auto;
    width:min(320px, 84vw);
    background:#fff;
    z-index:300;
    transform:translateX(100%);
    transition:transform .25s ease;
    box-shadow:-12px 0 40px rgba(0,0,0,.25);
    overflow-y:auto;
  }
  .mobile-nav.open{transform:translateX(0);}
  .mobile-nav-head{
    display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;
    padding:20px; border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);
  }
  .mobile-nav-head button{background:none;border:none;padding:8px;}
  .mobile-nav-head svg{width:24px;height:24px;color:var(--navy);}
  .mobile-nav ul{padding:8px 12px;}
  .mobile-nav a{
    display:block;
    padding:14px 12px;
    font-size:16px;
    font-weight:500;
    border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);
  }
  .scrim{
    display:none;
    position:fixed; inset:0;
    background:rgba(15,41,64,.45);
    z-index:290;
  }
  .scrim.open{display:block;}

  /* =====================================================
     RESPONSIVE
  ===================================================== */
  @media (max-width:1080px){
    .article-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}
    .article-card.featured{grid-row:span 1;}
    .journal-strip{grid-template-columns:repeat(3, 1fr);}
    .subject-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);}
    .value-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:32px;}
    .footer-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr;}
  }

  @media (max-width:860px){
    .wrap{padding:0 20px;}
    .main-nav, .header-actions .btn-outline{display:none;}
    .nav-toggle{display:flex;}
    .header-inner{height:64px;}
    .utility-secondary{display:none;}
    .hero-inner{padding:40px 20px 56px;}
    .search-row{flex-wrap:wrap;}
    .search-row select{width:100%;}
    .search-row input[type="search"]{width:100%;}
    .search-row button{width:100%; justify-content:center;}
    .hero-stats{gap:28px;}
    section.block{padding:44px 0;}
    .article-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}
    .journal-strip{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);}
    .cta-inner{flex-direction:column; align-items:flex-start;}
    .cta-form{width:100%;}
    .cta-form input{flex:1; width:auto;}
    .footer-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; padding:40px 0 24px;}
    .footer-brand{grid-column:1 / -1;}
  }

  @media (max-width:520px){
    .subject-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}
    .journal-strip{grid-template-columns:1fr;}
    .footer-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}
    .hero h1{font-size:28px;}
    .section-head h2{font-size:24px;}
    .footer-bottom{flex-direction:column; align-items:flex-start;}
  }

  @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){
    *{transition:none !important; scroll-behavior:auto !important;}
  }